OctreeNCA: Single-Pass 184 MP Segmentation on Consumer Hardware


Nick Lemke (Technische Universität Darmstadt), John Kalkhof (Technical University of Darmstadt), Niklas Babendererde (Technische Universität Darmstadt), Anirban Mukhopadhyay (Technical University of Darmstadt)
The 35th British Machine Vision Conference
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Abstract

Medical applications demand segmentation of large inputs, like prostate MRIs, pathology slices, or videos of surgery. These inputs should ideally be inferred at once to provide the model with proper spatial or temporal context. When segmenting large inputs, the VRAM consumption of the GPU becomes the bottleneck. Architectures like UNets or Vision Transformers scale very poorly in VRAM consumption, resulting in patch- or frame-wise approaches that compromise global consistency and inference speed. The lightweight Neural Cellular Automaton (NCA) is a bio-inspired model that is by construction size-invariant. However, due to its local-only communication rules, it lacks global knowledge. We propose OctreeNCA by generalizing the neighborhood definition using an octree data structure. Our generalized neighborhood definition enables the efficient traversal of global knowledge. Since deep learning frameworks are mainly developed for large multi-layer networks, their implementation does not fully leverage the advantages of NCAs. We implement an NCA inference function in CUDA that further reduces VRAM demands and increases inference speed. Our OctreeNCA segments high-resolution images and videos quickly while occupying 90% less VRAM than a UNet during evaluation. This allows us to segment 184 Megapixel pathology slices or 1-minute surgical videos at once.

Citation

@inproceedings{Lemke_2025_BMVC,
author    = {Nick Lemke and John Kalkhof and Niklas Babendererde and Anirban Mukhopadhyay},
title     = {OctreeNCA: Single-Pass 184 MP Segmentation on Consumer Hardware},
booktitle = {36th British Machine Vision Conference 2025, {BMVC} 2025, Sheffield, UK, November 24-27, 2025},
publisher = {BMVA},
year      = {2025},
url       = {https://bmva-archive.org.uk/bmvc/2025/assets/papers/Paper_313/paper.pdf}
}


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